Welcome to Making a Great America, where we explore the founding debates and decisions that shaped our nation. I'm your host, Charlie Jett, coming to you from our studio in beautiful downtown Chicago. Today we examine the man often called the conscience of the Constitutional Convention, George Mason of Virginia. In September 1787, Mason made a fateful decision. While nearly every other delegate signed the new Constitution, Mason refused. Instead, he issued a written list of grievances called Objections to the Constitution, explaining why he believed the document, as written, would endanger liberty. This episode, George Mason's Objection to the Constitution, the conscience of the founding era, explores the ideas of a founder who stood almost alone, warning that without a bill of rights, the revolution's promise would be left unfinished. George Mason was no minor delegate. He was one of Virginia's most respected patriots, a man whose words in 1776 helped inspire the Declaration of Independence. His Virginia Declaration of Rights proclaimed that all men are born equally free and independent, and that government derives its power from the consent of the governed. Eleven years later in Philadelphia, Mason expected the new Constitution to carry those same ideals forward. But as the convention progressed, he grew uneasy. Mason saw a shift from a government of limited, balanced powers to one that concentrated authority at the center. When the delegates finally voted on September 17, 1787, Mason refused to sign. He told the room plainly, and I quote, I would sooner chop off my right hand than put it to the Constitution as it now stands. A few days later he put his objections into writing. His document was clear, structured, and uncompromising, a systematic list of what he saw as the Constitution's fatal flaws. His first objection struck at the heart of the matter. Mason believed that a free government must explicitly protect freedom of religion, freedom of the press, trial by jury, and protection from arbitrary arrest. He warned that without these guarantees, the new government could swallow up the liberties of the people and the powers of the states. Mason's second major objection was the concentration of federal power. He wrote that Congress's authority to levy direct taxes on individuals instead of states would make it a monster of oppression. A distant government, he argued, would not understand local needs and would tax without restraint, just as Parliament had done to the colonies. Third, he objected to the Constitution's clause giving Congress power to raise and support armies. Mason, like the writer Brutus, feared that standing armies in peacetime would become instruments of tyranny. He wrote that a national army under the direction of the executive might easily be turned against the people themselves. Then came his warnings about the presidency. Mason believed that the executive office was dangerously close to monarchy. He noted that the president's power of pardon might be abused to protect those whom he has secretly instigated to commit crimes. He also feared that indefinite re-election could entrench a single man in power indefinitely. Mason also criticized the proposed judiciary, warning that federal judges, appointed for life and unaccountable to the people, would soon override state courts and consolidate all judicial power in the center. Each of these objections built toward one chilling conclusion. The Constitution created a government that might one day destroy the very liberties it was meant to preserve. He did not write as an enemy of the Union, but as its guardian. Mason believed that honest dissent was essential to honest government. His aim was not to tear the Constitution down, but to strengthen it by compelling the inclusion of explicit protections for the people. And his warning resonated. When the Constitution went to the states for ratification, Mason's objections spread rapidly in newspapers and pamphlets. Antifederalists quoted his words again and again, there is no declaration of rights. In Virginia's ratifying convention, Patrick Henry and others used Mason's arguments to demand amendments. Even Madison, who had dismissed the Bill of Rights as unnecessary, was eventually moved by the force of Mason's reasoning, as well as that by Thomas Jefferson, and by public pressure that Mason helped to create. Two years later, Madison would draft the Bill of Rights, addressing almost every one of Mason's grievances freedom of religion, freedom of speech and the press, trial by jury, protection against unreasonable searches, limits on standing armies and quartering soldiers. All of these appear in the first Ten Amendments. Mason's vision realized, even if he never signed the original document. Now here are the key takeaways from Mason's objections. First, a founder's conscience. Mason's refusal to sign the Constitution was an act of principle, not rebellion, a stand for liberty over expediency. Second, a systematic critique. His objections identified core structural risks, excessive central power, weak state authority, and the absence of guaranteed rights. Third, a fear of military and executive abuse. Mason's warnings about standing armies and presidential pardons anticipated later abuses of concentrated power. Fourth, his influence on the Bill of Rights. His arguments directly shaped the amendments that Madison introduced in 1789. Finally, and fifth, a legacy of dissent. Mason proved that patriotic opposition can strengthen a republic, not weaken it. So in conclusion, George Mason's objections to the Constitution remind us that dissent is not disloyalty. He stood almost alone in Philadelphia, yet his moral clarity shaped the very freedoms Americans now take for granted. By refusing to sign, he forced the nation to confront what it had overlooked, the need to define liberty in writing, not just in principle. The Bill of Rights that followed was, in many ways, Mason's vindication. He never sought fame or credit. He simply refused to compromise on the belief that government must serve the people, not rule them. In that refusal lies the enduring lesson of George Mason, that sometimes the truest patriot is the one who says no. Well, thank you for joining me for this episode of Making a Great America. I am Charlie Jett coming to you from our studio in beautiful downtown Chicago. Remember, America was not only built by agreement, but by argument. George Mason's principled dissent helped to ensure that liberty would be written into law. So please join me next time as we explore another debate, another idea, and another moment that shaped the nation's destiny. Until then, stay informed, stay engaged, and keep thinking deeply about what makes America great.